Frequently Asked Question:
Can someone help me on a question about early aviation?
Does someone know who was the first person to fly a heavier-than-air machine which took off by its own means, without help of rails and catapult?
Answer by Richard Ramirez
technically it’s Gustave Whitehead, although he’s not recognized by insitutions like the Smithsonian do to an agreement when purchasing the Wright brothers’ original Flyer.
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Louis Blériot (1 July 1872 – 2 August 1936) was a French aviator, inventor and engineer. In 1909 he completed the first flight across a large body of water in a heavier-than-air craft, when he crossed the English Channel. For this achievement, he received a prize of GB£1000 (5,000 dollars; US 1910).
Blériot used his own design, the Blériot XI, a structurally strong but simple and manoeuvrable monoplane. This was powered by a 25 horsepower, 3-cylinder Anzani radial engine with a 2-bladed fixed-pitch wooden propeller, the engine barely as powerful as a lower end large outboard motor as used on the rear of present day motorboats. He took off at dawn, just after 4:30 AM on 25 July 1909. He later reported, in a telegram to The Washington Post, that he accelerated his engine to 1,200 revolutions per minute, almost its top speed, to clear telegraph wires at the edge of the cliff near the runway field. Then he reduced his speed to give the XI an average airspeed of approximately 40 miles per hour (64 kilometres per hour) at an altitude of about 250 feet (76 m). Soon after, inclement weather began to form, with the Channel becoming rougher. Blériot lost sight of any landmarks, and rapidly outpaced the destroyer escort. He stated: “or more than 10 minutes I was alone, isolated, lost in the midst of the immense sea, and I did not see anything on the horizon or a single ship”.
The Blériot Memorial on the site of his landing near the cliffs above Dover (the bicycle handlebars are not part of the memorial) The landing was in turbulent weather, causing problems for Blériot: rain was cooling the engine, putting it in danger of stalling, and the strong wind was blowing him off course. As Blériot reduced his airspeed for the landing, the gusts of wind nearly caused his plane to crash from an altitude of 20 meters (67 feet), when he cut off the engine. The landing severely damaged his landing gear, along with the propeller. However, the rest of the aeroplane was in good order and the landing was deemed successful.
He flew 22 statute miles (36.6 km) from Les Baraques (near Calais) to Dover. The trip took 37 minutes and Blériot became an immediate celebrity. The Blériot Memorial, the outline of the aircraft laid out in granite setts in the turf, now marks his exact landing spot on the cliffs above Dover.
Blériot was also a pioneer of the sport of air racing. The Louis Bleriot Memorial, located at Northfall Meadow, Dover Castle, Kent, UK (3)
In the 1914-1918 War his company “Société de Production des Aéroplanes Deperdussin” produced the famous S.P.A.D. fighter aircraft flown by all the Allied Nations.
Tour a Blériot XI (Aircraft)
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bleriot/tour-flash.html
Pffft. Gustave Whitehead was a fool if he wasn’t a liar…He made a claim without evidence or witnesses…
The Wright Brothers were the first in recorded history to fly a powered vehicle but they used rails and a catapult in their first flight. After they made their first aircraft there were quite a few patent issues they brought up, they tried to patent flying in general and it really stifled American aviation in their time.
Louis Bleriot was the European equivalent, his plane flew without rails or catapults. Even crossed the English Channel with it.
Since you are ruling out rails (which the Wright brothers used even after they could have been able to fly without them) then the honor goes to Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian national who did most of his aeronautical development work in France. His “14-bis” aircraft relied on wheels for takeoff and landing and, while not as advanced at that point as the Wright brothers aircraft, took to the air without any land equipment on October 23 1906.
The rails on the Wright Flyer (1903) were because wheels would bog in the sand and add too much weight, there was no catapult until 1908 at Huffman Prairie.
As usual, listen to Warbird Pilot.